BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RESEARCH ON ANIMAL PERSONALITY & TEMPERAMENT

Compiled by Samuel D. Gosling and Amanda C. Jones
Animal Personality Institute

This bibliography lists research pertaining to animal personality or temperament. The research ranges from “central” studies that focus on a broad range of behaviors that are consistent over time and across situations to “peripheral” studies that focus on specific behaviors, measured in highly circumscribed situations. Studies also vary in (1) the role played by personality in the research (ranging from studies with personality as their primary focus to those that merely touch on personality-related issues); (2) the species studied (ranging from butterflies to chimpanzees); and (3) the methodological rigor (ranging from large-scale empirical studies to those that are comprised of little more than a few casual observations).

Reviews of the field can be found in Gosling (2001) and in Gosling and John (1999). 

Our goal is to maintain this page as a comprehensive resource to which researchers can turn when they wish to know what research has been done on animal personality. If you know of a study that should be included here, please email the full citation (gosling@psy.utexas.edu) and, if possible, please send a copy of the article (Samuel D. Gosling; The University of Texas at Austin; Department of Psychology; 1 University Station A8000; Austin, TX 78712-0187).

Articles available for request have a checkbox by them. First, select the articles you would like us to send you. Then, fill out the form at the bottom and click the "Request Articles" button. We will contact you shortly by email with the requested articles.

Articles (listed alphabetically)

Adamec, R. E. (1989). Kindling, anxiety and personality. In T. G. Bolwig & M. R. Trimble (Eds), The Clinical Relevance Of Kindling (pp. 117-135). Chichester, UK: John Wiley.

Adamec, R. E., & Stark-Adamec, C. (1985). Kindling and interictal behavior: an animal model of personality change. Kindling and clinical psychiatry conference. Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottowa, 10, 220-230.

Adamec, R. E., & Stark-Adamec, C. I. (1983). Partial kindling and emotional bias in the cat: lasting aftereffects of partial kindling of the ventral hippocampus: i. Behavioral changes. Behavioral & Neural Biology, 38, 205-222.

Adamec, R. E., Stark-Adamec, C., & Livingston, K. E. (1983). The expression of an early developmentally emergent defensive bias in the adult domestic cat (felis catus) in non-predatory situations. Applied Animal Ethology, 10, 89-108.

Ader, R., Friedman, S., & Grota, L. J. (1967). "Emotionality" and Adrenal Cortical Function: Effects of Strain, Test, and the 24-Hour Corticosterone Rhythm. Animal Behaviour, 15, 37-44.

Alder, E. M. (1975). Genetic and maternal influences on docility in the skomer vole, clethrionomys glareolus skomerensis. Behavioral Biology, 13, 251-255.

Arave, C. W., Anderson, M. J., & Walters, J. L. (1994). The influence of sometribove dose and days in lactation on behavior of cows implanted with pelleted sometribove. Journal of Dairy Science, 77, 3365-3370.

Arnhold, S. (1938). Die psychophysische struktur bei huhnern verschiedener rassen. (The psychophysical structure of poultry of different breeds.). Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie, 144, 1-91.

Aschkenasy-Lelu, P. (1946). The choice of protein foods by the rat as a function of his nitrogen need. Le choix des aliments proteiques en fonction du besoin azote chez le rat. Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique, 39, 445-466.

Baerends, G. P. (1993). Behavioural organisation and the evolution of behavioural strategies. Ettore majorana center for scientific culture conference (1991, Erice, Italy). Marine Behaviour & Physiology, 23, 301-316.

Banay, Y. (1953). Hapsihologia k'mada reali. (Psychology as real science.). Urim, 11.

Barabasz, B., & Gacek, L. (1999). Welfare of blue foxes in Finnish studies. Biuletyn Informacyjny Instytut Zootechniki, 37, 57-63.

Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Oxford, UK: Oxford University.

Battig, K., & And Others. (1982). Spontane lokomotion in tunnelabyrinthen und psychobiologische konstitution bei der ratte. / Spontaneous locomotion in tunnel labyrinths and psychobiological constitution of the rat. Psychologie - Schweizerische Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie Und Ihre Anwendungen, 41, 189-202.

Baumel, I., Defeo, J. J., & Lal, H. (1970). Alterations in Brain Sensitivity and Barbiturate Metabolism Unrelated To Aggression in Socially Deprived Mice. Psychopharmacologia, 18, 320-324.

Beach, F. A. (1960). Experimental investigations of species-specific behavior. American Psychologist, 15, 1-18.

Beaudet, R., Chalifoux, A., & Dallaire, A.. (1994). Predictive value of activity level and behavioral evaluation on future dominance in puppies. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 40, 273-284.

Becker, G., & Flaherty, T. B. (1966). Effects of postweaning tactual stimulation on emotionality and social dominance in the rat. Psychological Reports, 19, 363-366.

Bell, A. M., & Stamps, J. A. (2004). Development of behavioural differences between individuals and populations of sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Animal Behaviour, 68, 1339-1348.

Bierens De Haan, J. A. (1940). Die tierischen Instinkte und ihr Umbau durch Erfahrung; eine Einfuhrung in die allgemeine Tierpsychologie. (Animal instincts and their modification through experience; an introduction to general animal psychology.). Leiden: Brill.

Black, J.M., Prop, J., & Larsson, K. (2007). Wild goose dilemmas: Population consequences of individual decisions in barnacle geese. Branta Press. Groningen, The Netherlands. pp. 254

Blake, J. A., Eppig, J. T., Richardson, J. E., Davisson, M. T., & the Mouse Genome Database Group (2000). The Mouse Genome Database (MGD): expanding genetic and genomic resources for the laboratory mouse. Nucleic Acids Research, 28, 108-111.

Bliss, E. L., Wilson, V. B., &Zwanziger, J. (1966). Changes in Brain Norepinephrine in Self-Stimulating and "aversive" Animals. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 4, 59-63.

Blumstein, D. T., Runyan, A., Seymour, M., Nicodemus, A. Ozgul, A. Ransler, F., Im, S., Stark, T., Zugmeyer, C. & Daniel, J. C. (2004). Locomotor ability and wariness in yellow-bellied marmots. Ethology, 110, 615-634.

Boccia, M. L., Laudenslager, M. L., & Reite, M. L. (1994). Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect infant responses to maternal separation. Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 57, 43-50.

Both, C., Dingemanse, N. J., Drent, P. j., & Tingbergen, J. M. (2005). Pairs of extreme avian personalities have highest reproductive success, Journal of Animal Ecology, 74, 667-674.

Bouchard, T. J., & Loehlin, J. C. (2001). Genes, evolution, and personality. Behavior Genetics, 31, 243-273.

Bowlby, J. (1976). Human personality development in an ethological light. In G. Serban & A. Kling (Eds.), Animal Models In Human Psychobiology (pp. 27-36). New York: Plenum.

Bradshaw, J. W. S., & Cook, S. E. (1996). Patterns of pet cat behaviour at feeding occasions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 47, 61-74.

Bradshaw, J. W. S., & Goodwin, D. (1998). Determination of behavioural traits of pure-bred dogs using factor analysis and cluster analysis; a comparison of studies in the USA and UK. Research in Veterinary Science, 66(1), 73-76.

Brodie, E. D., III. (1993). Consistency of individual differences in anti-predator behaviour and colour pattern in the garter snake, Thamnophis ordinoides. Animal Behaviour, 45, 851-861.

Brooks, D. R., & McLennan, D. A. (1991) Phylogeny, ecology, and behavior: a research program in comparative biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Budaev, S. V. (2000). The dimensions of personality in humans and other animals: A comparative and evolutionary perspective. Manuscript submitted for publication. Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Budaev, S. V., Zworykin, D. D., & Mochek, A. D. (1999). Individual differences in parental care and behavioural profile in the convict cichlid: A correlational study. Animal Behaviour, 58, 195-202.

Buddington, R. W., King, F. A., & Roberts, L. (1967). Emotionality and Conditioned Avoidance Responding in the Squirrel Monkey Following Septal Injury. Psychonomic Science, 8, 195-196.

Burrow, H. M., & Dillon, R. D. (1997). Relationships between temperament and growth in a feedlot and commercial carcass traits of bos indicus crossbreds. Australian Journal Of Experimental Agriculture, 37, 407-411.

Buss, D. M. (1984). Evolutionary biology and personality psychology: Toward a conception of human nature and individual differences. American Psychologist, 39, 1135-1147.

Caldarone, B. J. (1998). Mapping genes that influence complex behavioral traits in mice. Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, (n12-B):6862.

Callaway, E. (1984). Biological correlates of personality: Suppose it’s not so simple. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, 436.

Cameron, D. B. (1997). Canine dominance-associated aggression: Concepts, incidence, and treatment in a private behavior practice. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 52, 265-274.

Campbell, W. E. (1972.) A behavior test for puppy selection. Modern Veterinary Practice, 12, 29-33.

Capitanio, J. P. (2002). Sociability and responses to video playbacks in adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), Primates, 43, 169-177.

Capitanio, J. P., & Widaman, K. F. (2005). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Personality Structure in Adult Male Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta). American Journal of Primatology, 65, 289-294.

Capitanio, J. P., Mendoza, S. P., & Bentson, K. L. (2004). Personality characteristics and basal cortisol concentrations in adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 1300-1308.

Carere, C. (2003). Personalities as epigenetic suites of traits: A study on a passerine bird. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Groningen.

Carere, C., & van Oers, K. (2004). Shy and bold great tits (Parus major): body temperature and breath rate in response to handling stress. Physiology and Behavior, 82, 905-912.

Carere, C., Groothuis, T. G. G., Möstl, E., Daan, S., & Koolhaas, J. M. (2003).Fecal corticosteroids in a territorial bird selected for different personalities: Daily rhythm and the response to social stress. Hormones and Behavior, 43, 540-548.

Carere, C., Welink, D., Drent, P. J., Koolhaas, J. M. & Groothuis, T. G. G. (2001). Effect of social defeat in a territorial bird (Parus major) selected for different coping styles. Physiology & Behaviour, 73, 427-433.

Carey, G. (1994). Genetics and violence. In A. J. Reiss, Jr., K. A. Miczek, & J. A. Roth (Eds.), Understanding And Preventing Violence, Vol. 2: Biobehavioral Influences (pp. 21-58), Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Carlstead, K., Mellen, J., & Kleiman, D. G. (1999). Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in U.S. zoos: I. Individual behavior profiles and their relationship to breeding success. Zoo Biology, 18, 17-34.

Carroll, G. L., Howe, L. B., Slater, M. R., Haughn, L., Martinez, E. A., Hartsfield, S. M., & Matthews, N. S. (1998). Evaluation of analgesia provided by postoperative administration of butorphanol to cats undergoing onychectomy. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 213, 246-250.

Casey, D. E., & Clark, T. W. (1976). Some spacing relations among the central males of a transplanted troop of japanese macaques (arashiyama west). Primates, 17, 433-450.

Cattell, R. B., & Korth, B. (1973). The isolation of temperament dimensions in dogs. Behavioral Biology, 9, 15-30.

Cattell, R. B., Bolz, C. R., & Korth, B. (1973). Behavioral types in purebred dogs objectively determined by taxonome. Behavior Genetics. 3(3) 205-216.

Chamove, A. S. (1974) A new primate behavior category system. Primates, 15, 85-99.

Champoux, M., Higley, J. D., & Suomi, S. J. (1997). Behavioral and physiological characteristics of indian and chinese-indian hybrid rhesus macaque infants. Developmental Psychobiology, 31, 49-63.

Champoux, M., Suomi, S. J., & Schneider, M. L. (1994). Temperament differences between captive indian and chinese-indian hybrid rhesus macaque neonates. Laboratory Animal Science, 44, 351-357.

Clark, A. W. (1958). A reinvestigation of the habituation of exploratory behaviour. Australian Journal of Psychology, 10, 151-162.

Clark, S. M., Meyer, P. M., & Meyer, D. R. (1967). Emotionality Changes Following Septal and Neocortical Ablations in the Albino Rat. Psychonomic Science, 8, 125-126.

Clarke, A. S., Czekala, N. M., & Lindburg, D. G. (1995). Behavioral and adrenocortical response of male cynomolgus and lion-tailed macaques to social stimulation and group formation. Primates, 36, 41-56.

Cloninger, C. R. (1994). The genetic structure of personality and learning: a phylogenetic model. Clinical Genetics, 46, 124-137.

Collee, J. G., &Bradley, R. (1997). BSE: A decade on - part I. Lancet (North American Edition), 349, 636-641.

Coren, S. (1995). The intelligence of dogs: A guide to the thoughts, emotions, and inner lives of our canine companions. New York: Free Press.

Coren, S. (1998). Why we love the dogs we do: How to find the dog that matches your personality. New York: Free press.

Corrigall, W., & Hamilton, W. J. (1977). Reaction of red deer (cervus elaphus l.) Hinds to removal of their suckled calves for hand-rearing. Applied Animal Ethology, 3, 47-55.

Coss, R. G., & Biardi, J. E. (1997). Individual variation in the antisnake behavior of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi). Journal of Mammalogy, 73, 294-310.

Cowley, J. J. (1952). "The heymans-wiersma theory of temperament," a discussion with reference to animal and clinical studies. Bulletin. National Institute For Personnel Research (Johannesburg), 4, 66-71.

Cox, R. L. (1990). Personality profiles of mother and offspring stumptailed macaques (macaca arctoides): behavior, personality, and dominance rank. Dissertation Abstracts International, 51, (n4-B):2101-2102.

Crawford, M. P. (1938). A behavior rating scale for young chimpanzees. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 26, 79-91.

D'Eath, R. B. (2004). Consistency of aggressive temperament in domestic pigs: The effects of social experience and social disruption. Aggressive Behavior, 30, 435-448.

Daisley, J. N., Bromundt, V., Mostle, E., & Kotrschal, K. (2005). Enhanced yolk testosterone influences behavioural phenotype independent of sex in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica). Hormones and Behavior, 47, 185-194.

Dalkon, L. W. Jr. (1968). Auditory Sensitivity in the Rhesus (Macaca Mulatta) and the White-Throated Capuchin (Cebus Capuchinus) Monkeys: A Comparison of Three Techniques. USAF ARL Technical Report, (n68-14).

Dall, S. R. X. (2004). Behavioural biology: Fortune favours bold and shy personalities. Current Biology, 14, R470-R472.

Dall, S. R. X., Houston, A. I., & McNamara, J. M. (2004). The behavioural ecology of personality: consistent individual differences from an adaptive perspective. Ecology Letters, 7, 734-739.

Daly, M., & Wilson, M. I. (1999). Human evolutionary psychology and animal behaviour. Animal Behaviour, 57, 509-519.

Darwin, C. (1964). On the origin of species. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Original work published in 1859).

Darwin, C. (1998). The expression of emotions in man and animals. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. (Original work published, 1872).

Davis, M. (1972). Differential Retention of Sensitization and Habituation of the Startle Response in the Rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 78, 260-267.

Dawson, W. M. (1932). Inheritance of wildness and tameness in mice. Genetics, 17, 296-326.

de Queiroz, A., & Wimberger, P. H. (1993). The usefulness of behavior for phylogeny estimation: Levels of homoplasy in behavioral and morphological characters. Evolution, 47, 46-60.

de Waal, F. B. M. (1996). Good natured: The origins of right and wrong in humans and other animals. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

de Waal, F. B. M. (2003). Social roles, alternative strategies, personalities, and other sources of individual variation. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 541-542.

Dellu, F., Mayo, W., Piazza, P. V., Le Moal, M. & Simon, H. (1993). Individual differences in behavioral responses to novelty in rats. Possible relationship with the sensation-seeking trait in man. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 411-418.

Denenberg, V. H., & Bell, R.W. (1957). Aggression and avoidance in the C57BL mouse. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, 67, 298.

Denenberg, V. H., & Haltmeyer, G. C. (1967). Test of the Monotonicity Hypothesis Concerning Infantile Stimulation and Emotional Reactivity. Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 63, 94-396.

Dennett, D. (1978). Brainstorms: Philosophical essays on mind and psychology. Montgomery, Vt.: Bradford Books.

Desrochers, A. (1992). Age and foraging success in European blackbirds: Variation between and within individuals. Animal Behaviour, 43, 885-894.

Detilleux, J., Volckaert, D., & Leroy, P. (1999). Genetic evaluation of type traits in dairy cattle. Annales de Medecine Veterinaire, 143, 341-348.

Dewsbury, D. A. (1998). Animal psychology in journals, 1911-1927: Another look at the snark. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 112, 400-405.

Diamond, S. (1957). Personality and temperament. New York: Harper & Bros.

Dickson, D. P., Barr, G. R., Johnson, L. P., & Wieckert, D. A. (1970). Social dominance and temperament of Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 53, 904-907.

Dimitrov V., Mariya D., & Vvanov, I. (1995). Influence of the type of nervous system on pasture behaviour responses in milking sheep. Zhivotnov"dni Nauki, 32, 102-105.

Dingemanse, N. J. (2003). Natural selection and avian personality in a fluctuating environment. Doctoral dissertation, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Heteren.

Dingemanse, N. J., & Réale, D. (2005). Natural selection and animal personality. Behaviour, 142, 1165-1190.

Dingemanse, N. J., Both, C., Drent, P. J., & Tinbergen, J. M. (2004). Fitness consequences of avian personalities in a fluctuating environment. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 271, 847-852.

Dingemanse, N. J., Both, C., Drent, P. J., van Oers, K. & van Noordwijk, A. J. (2002). Repeatability and heritability of exploratory behaviour in great tits from the wild. Animal Behaviour, 64, 929-937.

Dingemanse, N. J., de Goede, P. (2004). The relation between dominance and exploratory behavior is context-dependent in wild great tits. Behavioral Ecology, 15, 1023-1030.

Dingemanse, N.J., Both, C., van Noordwijk, A.J., Rutten, A.L. & Drent, P.J. (2003). Natal dispersal and personalities in great tits (Parus major). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 270, 741-747.

Dixon, R., & Eddy, B. (1924). Personality of Insects. New York: Charles W. Clark & Co.

Dolhinow, P., Mckenna, J. J., & Vonder Haar Laws, J. (1979). Rank and reproduction among female langur monkeys: aging and improvement (they're not just getting older, they're getting better). Aggressive Behavior, 5, 19-30.

Domjan, M., & Purdy, J. E. (1995). Animal research in psychology: More than meets the eye of the general psychology student. American Psychologist, 50, 496-503.

Drent, P. J. & Marchetti, C. (1999). Individuality, exploration and foraging in hand raised juvenile great tits. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Ornithological Congress, Durban (ed. N. J. Adams & R. H. Slotow). 896-914.

Drent, P. J., Dingemanse, N. J. & van Oers, C. H. J. (2002). Functional significance and heritability in coping strategies in a wild territorial passerine: the great tit. In Bird research and breeding (ed. C. Mettke-Hofmann & U. Gansloßer). 25-46.

Dutton, D. (2004). Personality and temperament: Personality in chimpanzees. In M. Bekoff (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior (822-823). Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.

Dutton, D., & Andersson, M. (2002). Personality in Royal Pythons and the human-snake relationship. Anthrozoös, 15, 243-250.

Ehlinger, T. J. (1989). Learning and individual variation in bluegill foraging: Habitat-specific techniques. Animal Behaviour, 38, 643-658.

Ehrlich, H. J., & Burns, N. (1958). Exploratory behavior of the black footed ferret. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 12, 235-241.

Eichelman, B. (1992). Aggressive behavior: from laboratory to clinic: quo vadit? Archives Of General Psychiatry, 49, 488-492.

Erhard, H. W., Boissy, A., Rae, M. T., & Rhind, S. M. (2004). Effects of prenatal undernutrition on emotional reactivity and cognitive flexibility in adult sheep. Behavioural Brain Research, 151, 25-35.

Eysenck, H. J., & Broadhurst, P. L. (1964). Introduction to ‘Experiments with animals.’ In H. J. Eysenck (Ed.), Experiments in Motivation (pp. 285-291). New York: Pergamon Press.

Fairbanks, L. A. (2001). Individual differences in response to a stranger: Social impulsivity as a dimension of temperament in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 115, 22-28.

Fairbanks, L. A., Newman, T. K., Bailey, J. N., Jorgensen, M. J., Breidenthal, S. E., Ophoff, R. A., Comuzzie, A. G., Martin, L. J., & Rogers, J. (2004) Genetic contributions to social impulsivity and aggressiveness in vervet monkeys. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 642-647.

Farris, E. J., & Yeakel, E. H. (1943). The susceptibility of albino and gray Norway rats to audiogenic seizures. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 35, 73-80.

Feaver, J., Mendl, M., & Bateson, P. (1986). A method for rating the individual distinctiveness of domestic cats. Animal Behaviour, 34, 1016-1025.

Fernández-Teruel, A., Driscoll, P., Gil, L., Aguilar, R., Tobeña, A., & Escorihuela, R. M. (2002). Enduring effects of environmental enrichment on novelty seeking, saccharin and ethanol intake in two rat lines (RHA/Verh and RLA/Verh) differing in incentive-seeking behavior. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 73, 225-231.

Fernández-Teruel, A., Escorihuela, R. M., Gray, J. A., Aguilar, R., Gil, L., Giménez-Llort, L., Tobeña, A., Bhomra, A., Nicod, A., Mott, R., Driscoll, P., Dawson, G. R., & Flint, J., (2002). A quantitative trait locus influencing anxiety in the laboratory rat. Genome Research, 12, 618-626.

Flint, J. (2002). Animal models of personality. In J. Benjamin & R. P. Ebstein (Eds.), Molecular genetics and the human personality (pp. 63-90). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.

Flint, J. (2003). Animal models of anxiety and their molecular dissection. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, 14, 37-42.

Flint, J., & Corley, R. (1996). Do animal models have a place in the genetic analysis of quantitative human behavioural traits? Journal Of Molecular Medicine (Berlin), 74, 515-521.

Ford, N. B. (1995). Experimental design in studies of snake behavior. Herpetological Monographs, 9, 130-139.

Fordyce, G., Howitt, C. J., Holroyd, R. G., O'Rourke, P. K., & Entwistle, K. W. (1996). The performance of brahman-shorthorn and sahiwal-shorthorn beef cattle in the dry tropics of northern queensland: 5. Scrotal circumference, temperament, ectoparasite resistance, and the genetics of growth and other traits in bulls. Australian Journal Of Experimental Agriculture, 36, 9-17.

Forkman, B., Furuhaug, I. L., & Jensen, P. (1995). Personality, coping patterns, and aggression in piglets. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 45, 31-42.

Fox, H. M. (1940). The personality of animals. Hammondsworth: Penguin.

Fox, R. A., & Millam, J. R. (2004). The effect of early environment on neophobia in orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 89, 117-129.

Fraser, D. F., Gilliam, J. F., Daley, M. J., Le, A. N., Skalski, G. T. (2001). Explaining leptokurtic movement distributions: Intrapopulation variation in boldness and exploration. American Naturalist, 158, 124-135.

Fredericson, E. (1946). The theory of psychomotion as applied to a study of temperament. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 39, 77-89.

Freedman, D. G., King, J. A., & Elliot, O. (1961). Critical Period in the Social Development of Dogs. Science, 133, 1016-1017.

Freeman, E. W., Weiss, E., & Brown, J. L. (2004). Examination of the interrelationships of behavior, dominance status, and ovarian activity in captive Asian and African elephants. Zoo Biology, 23, 431-448.

French, J. M. (1993). Assessment of donkey temperament and the influence of home environment. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 36, 249-257.

Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1970) Chimpanzees: Self-Recognition. Science, 167, 86-87.

Gantt, W. H. (1943). Measures of susceptibility to nervous breakdown. American Journal of Psychiatry, 99, 839-849.

Garau Florit, A., Marti Carbonell, M. A., Perez Mourelo, J. L., & Garcia Sevilla, L. (1991). Medicion de la extraversion en animales de laboratorio. / Measurement of extraversion in laboratory animals. Special issue: personality. Revista Latinoamericana De Psicologia, 23, 87-100.

Garau I Florit, A. (1985). Importancia de la recerca amb models animals en el camp de les diferencies individuals. (The importance of research with animal models in the field of individual differences.). Quaderns/Cuadernos De Psicologia, 9, 5-17.

Garau, A., & Garcia-Sevilla, L. (1985). Drug postulate of eysenck in the rat. Personality & Individual Differences, 6, 189-194.

Garcia Sevilla, L., & Garau, A. (1978). Extraversion y deambulacion de la rata en el campo abierto. (Extraversion and ambulation of the rat in the open field.). Revista Latinoamericana De Psicologia, 10, 211-226.

Gauly, M., Mathiak, H., Hoffmann, K., Kraus, M., & Erhardt, G. (2001). Estimating genetic variability in temperamental traits in German Angus and Simmental cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 74, 109-119.

Geverink, N. A., Schouten, W. G. P., Gort, G., & Wiegant, V. M. (2002). Individual differences in aggression and physiology in peri-pubertal breeding gilts. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 77, 43-52.

Glickman, L. T., Glickman, N. W., Schellenberg, D. B., Simpson, K., & Lantz, G. C. (1997). Multiple risk factors for the gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in dogs: A practitioner/owner case-control study. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 33, 197-204.

Goddard, M. E., & Beilharz, R. G. (1983). Genetics of traits which determine the suitability of dogs as guide-dogs for the blind. Applied Animal Ethology, 9, 299-315.

Goddard, M. E., & Beilharz, R. G. (1984). A factor analysis of fearfulness in potential guide dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 12, 253-265.

Goddard, M. E., & Beilharz, R. G. (1985). Individual variation in agonistic behavior in dogs. Animal Behavior, 33, 1338-1342.

Goddard, M. E., & Beilharz, R. G. (1986). Early prediction of adult behavior in potential guide dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 15, 247-260.

Godin, J.-G. J., & Davis, S. A. (1995). Who dares, benefits: Predator approach behavior in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) deters predator pursuit. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series B, 259, 193-200.

Godin, J.-G. J., & Dugatkin, L. A. (1996). Female mating preference for bold males in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 93, 10262-10267.

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