BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RESEARCH ON ANIMAL PERSONALITY & TEMPERAMENT

Compiled by Samuel D. Gosling and Amanda C. Jones
Animal Personality Institute

This bibliography lists research pertaining to animal personality or temperament. The research ranges from “central” studies that focus on a broad range of behaviors that are consistent over time and across situations to “peripheral” studies that focus on specific behaviors, measured in highly circumscribed situations. Studies also vary in (1) the role played by personality in the research (ranging from studies with personality as their primary focus to those that merely touch on personality-related issues); (2) the species studied (ranging from butterflies to chimpanzees); and (3) the methodological rigor (ranging from large-scale empirical studies to those that are comprised of little more than a few casual observations).

Reviews of the field can be found in Gosling (2001) and in Gosling and John (1999).

Our goal is to maintain this page as a comprehensive resource to which researchers can turn when they wish to know what research has been done on animal personality. If you know of a study that should be included here, please email the full citation (gosling@psy.utexas.edu) and, if possible, please send a copy of the article (Samuel D. Gosling; The University of Texas at Austin; Department of Psychology; 1 University Station A8000; Austin, TX 78712-0187).

Articles available for request have a checkbox by them. First, select the articles you would like us to send you. Then, fill out the form at the bottom and click the "Request Articles" button. We will contact you shortly by email with the requested articles.

Articles (listed alphabetically)

Adamec, R. E. (1975). The behavioral bases of prolonged suppression of predatory attack in cats. Aggressive Behavior, 1, 297-314.

Adamec, R. E. (1989). Kindling, anxiety and personality. In T. G. Bolwig & M. R. Trimble (Eds), The Clinical Relevance Of Kindling (pp. 117-135). Chichester, UK: John Wiley.

Adamec, R. E., & Stark-Adamec, C. (1985). Kindling and interictal behavior: an animal model of personality change. Kindling and clinical psychiatry conference. Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottowa, 10, 220-230.

Adamec, R. E., & Stark-Adamec, C. (1989). Behavioral inhibition and anxiety: dispositional, developmental, and neural aspects of the anxious personality of the domestic cat. In J. S. Reznick (Ed.), Perspectives On Behavioral Inhibition. The John D. And Catherine T. Macarthur Foundation Series On Mental Health And Development (pp. 93-124), Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Adamec, R. E., & Stark-Adamec, C. I. (1983). Partial kindling and emotional bias in the cat: lasting aftereffects of partial kindling of the ventral hippocampus: i. Behavioral changes. Behavioral & Neural Biology, 38, 205-222.

Adamec, R. E., Stark-Adamec, C., & Livingston, K. E. (1983). The expression of an early developmentally emergent defensive bias in the adult domestic cat (felis catus) in non-predatory situations. Applied Animal Ethology, 10, 89-108.

Ader, R., Friedman, S., & Grota, L. J. (1967). "Emotionality" and Adrenal Cortical Function: Effects of Strain, Test, and the 24-Hour Corticosterone Rhythm. Animal Behaviour, 15, 37-44.

Adolph, S. C., & Hardin, J. S. (2007). Estimating phenotypic correlations: correcting for
bias due to intraindividual variability. Functional Ecology, 21(1), 178-184.

Aguilar, R., Escorihuela, R. M., Gil, L., Tobeña, A., & Fernández-Teruel, A. (2002). Differences between two psychogenetically selected lines of rats in a swimming pool matching-to-place task: Long-term effects of infantile stimulation. Behavior Genetics, 32, 127-134.

Aguilar, R., Gil, L., Flint, J., Gray, J. A., Dawson, G. R., Driscoll, P., Giménez-Llort, L., Escorihuela, R. M., Fernández-Teruel, A., & Tobeña, A. (2002). Learned fear, emotional reactivity and fear of heights: A factor analytic map from a large F2 intercross of Roman rat strains. Brain Research Bulletin, 57, 17-26.

Aguilar, R., Gil, L., Gray, J. A., Driscoll, P., Flint, J., Dawson, G. R., Giménez-Llort, L., Escorihuela, R. M., Fernández-Teruel, A., & Tobeña, A. (2003). Fearfulness and sex in F2 Roman rats: Males display more fear though both sexes share the same fearfulness traits. Physiology and Behavior, 6909, 1-10.

Aguilar, R., Gil, L., Tobeña, A., L., Escorihuela, R. M., & Fernández-Teruel, A. (2000). Differential effects of cohort removal stress on acoustic startle response of the Roman/Verh rat strains. Behavior Genetics, 30, 71-75.

Ajie, B. C., Pintor, L. M., Watters, J., Kerbery, J. L., Hammond, J. I., & Sih, A. (2007). A
framework for determining the fitness consequences of antipredator behavior. Behavioral Ecology, 18(1), 267-270.

Alder, E. M. (1975). Genetic and maternal influences on docility in the skomer vole, clethrionomys glareolus skomerensis. Behavioral Biology, 13, 251-255.

Andersen, I. L., Bøe, K. E., Fœrevik, G., Janczak, A. M., & Bakken, M. (2000). Behavioural evaluation of methods for assessing fear responses in weaned pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 69, 227-240.

Anderson, M. K., Friend, T. H., Evans, J. W., & Bushong, D. M. (1999). Behavioral assessment of horses in therapeutic riding programs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 63, 11-24.

Anestis, S. F. (2005). Behavioral style, dominance rank, and urinary cortisol in young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Behaviour, 142, 1245-1268.

Aragon, P., Meylan, S., & Clobert, J. Dispersal status-dependent response to the social environment in the Common Lizard, Lacerta vivipara. Functional Ecology, 20(5), 900-907.

Arave, C. W., Anderson, M. J., & Walters, J. L. (1994). The influence of sometribove dose and days in lactation on behavior of cows implanted with pelleted sometribove. Journal of Dairy Science, 77, 3365-3370.

Archer, J. (1973). Tests for emotionality in rats and mice: A review. Animal Behaviour, 21, 205-235.

Armitage, K. B. (1986a). Individual differences in the behavior of juvenile yellow-bellied marmots. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology, 18, 419-424.

Armitage, K. B. (1986b). Individuality, social behavior, and reproductive success in yellow-bellied marmots. Ecology, 67, 1186-1193.

Arnhold, S. (1938). Die psychophysische struktur bei huhnern verschiedener rassen. (The psychophysical structure of poultry of different breeds.). Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie, 144, 1-91.

Aschkenasy-Lelu, P. (1946). The choice of protein foods by the rat as a function of his nitrogen need. Le choix des aliments proteiques en fonction du besoin azote chez le rat. Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique, 39, 445-466.

Asher, J. (1987). Born to be shy? Psychology Today, 21, 56-64.

Baerends, G. P. (1993). Behavioural organisation and the evolution of behavioural strategies. Ettore majorana center for scientific culture conference (1991, Erice, Italy). Marine Behaviour & Physiology, 23, 301-316.

Banay, Y. (1953). Hapsihologia k'mada reali. (Psychology as real science.). Urim, 11.

Barabasz, B., & Gacek, L. (1999). Welfare of blue foxes in Finnish studies. Biuletyn Informacyjny Instytut Zootechniki, 37, 57-63.

Bard, K. A., & Gardner, K. H. (1996). Influences on development in infant chimpanzees: Enculturation, temperament, and cognition. In A. E. Russon, K. A. Bard, & S T. Parker (Eds.), Reaching into thought: The minds of the great apes (pp. 235-256). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Oxford, UK: Oxford University.

Barratt, D. G. (1997). Home range size, habitat utilisation and movement patterns of suburban and farm cats Felis catus. Ecography, 20, 271-280.

Battig, K., & And Others. (1982). Spontane lokomotion in tunnelabyrinthen und psychobiologische konstitution bei der ratte. / Spontaneous locomotion in tunnel labyrinths and psychobiological constitution of the rat. Psychologie - Schweizerische Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie Und Ihre Anwendungen, 41, 189-202.

Baumel, I., Defeo, J. J., & Lal, H. (1970). Alterations in Brain Sensitivity and Barbiturate Metabolism Unrelated To Aggression in Socially Deprived Mice. Psychopharmacologia, 18, 320-324.

Beach, F. A. (1950). The Snark was a Boojum. American Psychologist, 5, 115-124.

Beach, F. A. (1953). Animal research and psychiatric theory. Psychosomatic Medicine, 15, 374-389.

Beach, F. A. (1960). Experimental investigations of species-specific behavior. American Psychologist, 15, 1-18.

Beauchamp, G. (2000). Individual differences in activity and exploration influence leadership in pairs of foraging zebra finches. Behaviour, 137, 301-314.

Beauchamp, G. (2001). Consistency and flexibility in the scrounging behaviour of zebra finches. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79, 540-544.

Beauchamp, G. (2006). Phenotypic correlates of scrounging behavior in zebra finches: Role of foraging efficiency and dominance. Ethology, 112(9), 873-878.

Beaudet, R., Chalifoux, A., & Dallaire, A.. (1994). Predictive value of activity level and behavioral evaluation on future dominance in puppies. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 40, 273-284.

Becker, B. G. & Lobato, J. F. P. (1997). Effect of gentle handling on the reactivity of zebu crossed calves to humans. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 53, 219-224.

Becker, G., & Flaherty, T. B. (1966). Effects of postweaning tactual stimulation on emotionality and social dominance in the rat. Psychological Reports, 19, 363-366.

Bell, A. M. (2007). Animal personalities. Nature, 447, 539-540.

Bell, A. M., & Stamps, J. A. (2004). Development of behavioural differences between individuals and populations of sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Animal Behaviour, 68, 1339-1348.

Benus, R. F., & Röndigs, M. (1997). The influence of the postnatal maternal environment in accounting for differences in aggression and behavioural strategies in mus domesticus. Behaviour, 134, 623-641.

Bertani, C., & Bracchi, P. G. (1999). Dog’s aggressiveness towards man: Diagnostic methods and preventive suggestions. Annali della Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Parma, 19, 57-80.

Berton, O., Ramos, A., Chaouloff, F. & Mormède, P. (1997). Behavioral reactivity to social and nonsocial stimulations: a multivariate analysis on six inbred rat strains. Behavior Genetics, 27, 155-166.

Best, J. B. (1963). Protopsychology. Scientific American, 208, 54-75.

Bierens De Haan, J. A. (1940). Die tierischen Instinkte und ihr Umbau durch Erfahrung; eine Einfuhrung in die allgemeine Tierpsychologie. (Animal instincts and their modification through experience; an introduction to general animal psychology.). Leiden: Brill.

Billingslea, F. Y. (1940). The relationship between emotionality, activity, curiosity, persistence and weight in the male rat. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 29, 315-325.

Billingslea, F. Y. (1941). The relationship between emotionality and various other salients of behavior in the rat. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 31, 69-77.

Billingslea, F. Y. (1942). Intercorrelational analysis of certain behavior salients in the rat. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 34, 203-211.

Black, J.M., Prop, J., & Larsson, K. (2007). Wild goose dilemmas: Population consequences of individual decisions in barnacle geese. Branta Press. Groningen, The Netherlands. pp. 254

Blake, J. A., Eppig, J. T., Richardson, J. E., Davisson, M. T., & the Mouse Genome Database Group (2000). The Mouse Genome Database (MGD): expanding genetic and genomic resources for the laboratory mouse. Nucleic Acids Research, 28, 108-111.

Blanchard, R. J., Flannelly, K. J., & Blanchard, D. C. (1986). Defensive behaviors of laboratory and wild Rattus norvegicus. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 100, 101-107.

Bliss, E. L., Wilson, V. B., &Zwanziger, J. (1966). Changes in Brain Norepinephrine in Self-Stimulating and "aversive" Animals. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 4, 59-63.

Blumstein, D. T. (2006). Developing an evolutionary ecology of fear: how life history and natural history traits affect disturbance tolerance in birds. Animal Behaviour, 71, 389-399 Part 2.

Blumstein, D. T., Holland, B. D., & Daniel, J. C. (2006). Predator discrimination and
'personality' in captive Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis). Animal Conservation, 9, 274-282.

Blumstein, D. T., Runyan, A., Seymour, M., Nicodemus, A. Ozgul, A. Ransler, F., Im, S., Stark, T., Zugmeyer, C. & Daniel, J. C. (2004). Locomotor ability and wariness in yellow-bellied marmots. Ethology, 110, 615-634.

Boccia, M. L., Laudenslager, M. L., & Reite, M. L. (1994). Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect infant responses to maternal separation. Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 57, 43-50.

Boissy, A. (1995). Fear and fearfulness in animals. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 70, 165-191.

Boissy, A., & Bouissou, M. F. (1988). Effects of early handling on heifer’s subsequent reactivity to humans and to unfamiliar situations. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 20, 259-273.

Boissy, A., & Bouissou, M. F. (1995). Assessment of individual differences in behavioral reactions of heifers exposed to various fear-eliciting situations. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 46, 17-31.

Bolig, R., Price, C. S., O’Neill, P. L., & Suomi, S. J. (1992). Subjective assessment of reactivity level and personality traits of rhesus monkeys. International Journal of Primatology, 13, 287-306.

Bonavita-Cougourdan, A., & Morel, L. (1988). Interindividual variability and idiosyncrasy in social behaviors in the ant Camponotus vagus Scop. Ethology, 77, 58-66.

Boogert, N. J., Reader, S. M., & Laland, K. N. (2006). The relation between social rank, neophobia and individual learning in starlings. Animal Behaviour, 72, 1229-1239.

Both, C., Dingemanse, N. J., Drent, P. j., & Tingbergen, J. M. (2005). Pairs of extreme avian personalities have highest reproductive success, Journal of Animal Ecology, 74, 667-674.

Bouchard, J., Goodyer, W., & Lefebvre, L. (2007). Social learning and innovation are positively correlated in pigeons (Columba livia). Animal Cognition, 10, 259-266.

Bouchard, T. J., & Loehlin, J. C. (2001). Genes, evolution, and personality. Behavior Genetics, 31, 243-273.

Bowlby, J. (1976). Human personality development in an ethological light. In G. Serban & A. Kling (Eds.), Animal Models In Human Psychobiology (pp. 27-36). New York: Plenum.

Bradshaw, J. W. S., & Cook, S. E. (1996). Patterns of pet cat behaviour at feeding occasions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 47, 61-74.

Bradshaw, J. W. S., & Goodwin, D. (1998). Determination of behavioural traits of pure-bred dogs using factor analysis and cluster analysis; a comparison of studies in the USA and UK. Research in Veterinary Science, 66(1), 73-76.

Broadhurst, P. L. (1973). Animal studies bearing on abnormal behaviour. In H. J. Eysenck (Ed.), Handbook of abnormal psychology (pp. 721-754). San Diego: Knapp.

Broadhurst, P. L. (1975). The Maudsley reactive and non-reative strains of rats: A survey. Behavior Genetics, 5, 299-319.

Brodie, E. D., III. (1993). Consistency of individual differences in anti-predator behaviour and colour pattern in the garter snake, Thamnophis ordinoides. Animal Behaviour, 45, 851-861.

Brooks, D. R., & McLennan, D. A. (1991) Phylogeny, ecology, and behavior: a research program in comparative biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Brown, C., Jones, F., & Braithwaite, V. (2005). In situ examination of boldness-shyness traits in the tropical poeciliid, Brachyraphis episcopi. Animal Behaviour, 70, 1003-1009.

Brown, C., Jones, F., & Braithwaite, V. A. (2007). Correlations between boldness and body mass in natural populations of the poeciliid Brachyrhaphis episcopi. Journal of Fish Biology, 71, 1590-1601.

Brune, M., Brüne-Cohrs, U., McGrew, W. C., & Preuschoft, S. (2006). Psychopathology in great apes: Concepts, treatment options and possible homologies to human psychiatric disorders. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 1246-1259.

Budaev, S. V. (1997). "Personality" in the guppy (poecilia reticulata): a correlational study of exploratory behavior and social tendency. International ethological conference (1995, honolulu, hawaii, us). Journal Of Comparative Psychology, 111, 399-411.

Budaev, S. V. (1997). Alternative styles in the European wrasse, Symphodus ocellatus: boldness-related schooling tendency. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 49, 71-78.

Budaev, S. V. (1997). The dimensions of personality in animals: The comparative and evolutionary framework. In M. Taborsky & B. Taborsky (Eds.). Advances in Ethology, 32. Contributions to the XXV International Ethological Conference (p. 90). Berlin: Blackwell.

Budaev, S. V. (1998). How many dimensions are needed to describe temperament in animals: A factor reanalysis of two data sets. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 11, 17-29.

Budaev, S. V. (2000). The dimensions of personality in humans and other animals: A comparative and evolutionary perspective. Manuscript submitted for publication. Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Budaev, S. V., & Zhuikov, A. Y. (1998). Avoidance learning and "personality" in the guppy (poecilia reticulata). Journal Of Comparative Psychology, 112, 92-94.

Budaev, S. V., Zworykin, D. D., & Mochek, A. D. (1999). Consistency of individual differences in behaviour of the lion-headed cichlid, Steatocranus casuarius. Behavioural Processes, 48, 49-55.

Budaev, S. V., Zworykin, D. D., & Mochek, A. D. (1999). Individual differences in parental care and behavioural profile in the convict cichlid: A correlational study. Animal Behaviour, 58, 195-202.

Buddington, R. W., King, F. A., & Roberts, L. (1967). Emotionality and Conditioned Avoidance Responding in the Squirrel Monkey Following Septal Injury. Psychonomic Science, 8, 195-196.

Buirski, P., & Plutchik, R. (1991). Measurement of deviant behavior in a Gombe chimpanzee: Relation to later behavior. Primates, 32, 207-211.

Buirski, P., Kellerman, H., Plutchik, R., Weninger, R., & Buirski, N. (1973). A field study of emotions, dominance, and social behavior in a group of baboons (Papio anubis). Primates, 14, 67-78.

Buirski, P., Plutchik, R., & Kellerman, H. (1978). Sex differences, dominance, and personality in the chimpanzee. Animal Behaviour, 26, 123-129.

Burrow, H. M. (1998). The effects of inbreeding on productive and adaptive traits and temperament of tropical beef cattle. Livestock Production Science, 55, 227-243.

Burrow, H. M., & Dillon, R. D. (1997). Relationships between temperament and growth in a feedlot and commercial carcass traits of bos indicus crossbreds. Australian Journal Of Experimental Agriculture, 37, 407-411.

Buss, A. H. (1988). Personality: Evolutionary heritage and human distinctiveness. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Buss, D. M. (1984). Evolutionary biology and personality psychology: Toward a conception of human nature and individual differences. American Psychologist, 39, 1135-1147.

Buss, D. M., & Greiling, H. (1999). Adaptive individual differences. Journal of Personality, 67, 209-243.

Byrne, G., & Suomi, S. J. (1995). Development of activity patterns, social interactions, and exploratory behavior in infant tufted capuchins (Cebus apella). American Journal of Primatology, 35, 255-270.

Byrne, G., & Suomi, S. J. (2002). Cortisol reactivity and its relation to homecage behavior and personality ratings in tufted capuchin (Cebus apella) juveniles from birth to six years of age. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27, 139-154.

Caine, N. G., Earle, H., & Reite, M. (1983). Personality traits of adolescent pig-tailed monkeys (macaca nemestrina): an analysis of social rank and early separation experience. American Journal Of Primatology, 4, 253-260.

Caldarone, B. J. (1998). Mapping genes that influence complex behavioral traits in mice. Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, (n12-B):6862.

Callaway, E. (1984). Biological correlates of personality: Suppose it’s not so simple. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, 436.

Cameron, D. B. (1997). Canine dominance-associated aggression: Concepts, incidence, and treatment in a private behavior practice. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 52, 265-274.

Campbell, W. E. (1972.) A behavior test for puppy selection. Modern Veterinary Practice, 12, 29-33.

Capitanio, J. P. (1984) Early experience and social processes in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta): I. dyadic social interaction. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 98, 35-44.

Capitanio, J. P. (1999). Personality dimensions in adult male rhesus macaques: Prediction of behaviors across time and situation. American Journal of Primatology, 47, 299-320.

Capitanio, J. P. (2002). Sociability and responses to video playbacks in adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), Primates, 43, 169-177.

Capitanio, J. P., & Widaman, K. F. (2005). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Personality Structure in Adult Male Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta). American Journal of Primatology, 65, 289-294.

Capitanio, J. P., Mendoza, S. P., & Baroncelli, S. (1999). The relationship of personality dimensions in adult male rhesus macaques to progression of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus disease. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 13, 138-154.

Capitanio, J. P., Mendoza, S. P., & Bentson, K. L. (2004). Personality characteristics and basal cortisol concentrations in adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 1300-1308.

Carere, C. (2003). Personalities as epigenetic suites of traits: A study on a passerine bird. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Groningen.

Carere, C., & van Oers, K. (2004). Shy and bold great tits (Parus major): body temperature and breath rate in response to handling stress. Physiology and Behavior, 82, 905-912.

Carere, C., Drent, P. J., Koolhaas, J. M., & Groothuis, T. G. G. (2005). Epigenetic effects on personality traits: early food provisioning and sibling competition. Behaviour, 142, 1329-1355.

Carere, C., Drent, P. J., Privitera, L., Koolhaas, J. M., & Groothuis, T. G. G. (2005). Personalities in great tits, Parus major: stability and consistency. Animal Behaviour, 70, 795-805.

Carere, C., Groothuis, T. G. G., Möstl, E., Daan, S., & Koolhaas, J. M. (2003).Fecal corticosteroids in a territorial bird selected for different personalities: Daily rhythm and the response to social stress. Hormones and Behavior, 43, 540-548.

Carere, C., Welink, D., Drent, P. J., Koolhaas, J. M. & Groothuis, T. G. G. (2001). Effect of social defeat in a territorial bird (Parus major) selected for different coping styles. Physiology & Behaviour, 73, 427-433.

Carere. C. & Eens, M. (2005). Unravelling animal personalities: how and why individuals consistently differ. Behaviour, 142, 1149-1157.

Carey, G. (1994). Genetics and violence. In A. J. Reiss, Jr., K. A. Miczek, & J. A. Roth (Eds.), Understanding And Preventing Violence, Vol. 2: Biobehavioral Influences (pp. 21-58), Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Carlstead, K., & Kleiman, D. G. (1998). Behavior profiles of individual animals: A new tool for multi-institutional studies. Proceedings of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association.

Carlstead, K., Mellen, J., & Kleiman, D. G. (1999). Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in U.S. zoos: I. Individual behavior profiles and their relationship to breeding success. Zoo Biology, 18, 17-34.

Carpenter, C. R. (1937). An observational study of two mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei). Human Biology, 9, 175-196.

Carroll, G. L., Howe, L. B., Slater, M. R., Haughn, L., Martinez, E. A., Hartsfield, S. M., & Matthews, N. S. (1998). Evaluation of analgesia provided by postoperative administration of butorphanol to cats undergoing onychectomy. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 213, 246-250.

Casey, D. E., & Clark, T. W. (1976). Some spacing relations among the central males of a transplanted troop of japanese macaques (arashiyama west). Primates, 17, 433-450.

Castanon, N., & Mormede, P. (1994). Psychobiogenetics: adapted tools for the study of the coupling between behavioral and neuroendocrine traits of emotional reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 19, 257-282.

Cattell, R. B., & Korth, B. (1973). The isolation of temperament dimensions in dogs. Behavioral Biology, 9, 15-30.

Cattell, R. B., Bolz, C. R., & Korth, B. (1973). Behavioral types in purebred dogs objectively determined by taxonome. Behavior Genetics. 3(3) 205-216.

Cavigelli, S. A. (2005). Animal personality and health. Behaviour, 142, 1223-1244.

Chamove, A. S. (1974) A new primate behavior category system. Primates, 15, 85-99.

Chamove, A. S., Eysenck, H. J., & Harlow, H. F. (1972). Personality in monkeys: factor analyses of rhesus social behaviour. Quarterly Journal Of Experimental Psychology, 24, 496-504.

Champoux, M., Higley, J. D., & Suomi, S. J. (1997). Behavioral and physiological characteristics of indian and chinese-indian hybrid rhesus macaque infants. Developmental Psychobiology, 31, 49-63.

Champoux, M., Suomi, S. J., & Schneider, M. L. (1994). Temperament differences between captive indian and chinese-indian hybrid rhesus macaque neonates. Laboratory Animal Science, 44, 351-357.

Chiszar, D., & Carter, T. (1975). Reliability of individual differences between garter snakes (Thamnophis radix) during repeated exposures to an open field. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 5, 507-509.

Clark, A. W. (1958). A reinvestigation of the habituation of exploratory behaviour. Australian Journal of Psychology, 10, 151-162.

Clark, S. M., Meyer, P. M., & Meyer, D. R. (1967). Emotionality Changes Following Septal and Neocortical Ablations in the Albino Rat. Psychonomic Science, 8, 125-126.

Clarke, A. S., & Boinski, S. (1995). Temperament in nonhuman primates. American Journal of Primatology, 37, 103-125.

Clarke, A. S., & Lindburg, D. G. (1993). Behavioral contrasts between male cynomolgus and lion-tailed macaques. American Journal of Primatology, 29, 49-59.

Clarke, A. S., & Snipes, M. (1998). Early behavioral development and temperamental traits in mother- vs peer-reared rhesus monkeys. Primates, 39, 433-448.

Clarke, A. S., Czekala, N. M., & Lindburg, D. G. (1995). Behavioral and adrenocortical response of male cynomolgus and lion-tailed macaques to social stimulation and group formation. Primates, 36, 41-56.

Cloninger, C. R. (1994). The genetic structure of personality and learning: a phylogenetic model. Clinical Genetics, 46, 124-137.

Coe, C. L., Lubach, G. R., & Schneider, M. L. (1999). Neuromotor and socioemotional behavior in the young monkey is presaged by prenatal conditions. In M. Lewis & D. Ramsay (Eds.), Soothing and stress (pp. 19-38). Malwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Coleman, K., & Wilson, D. S. (1998). Shyness and boldness in pumpkinseed sunfish: Individual differences are context-specific. Animal Behaviour, 56, 927-936.

Collee, J. G., &Bradley, R. (1997). BSE: A decade on - part I. Lancet (North American Edition), 349, 636-641.

Combemale, P. (1929). Sur la psychophysiologie du chien prive de testicules. (On the psychophysiology of the castrated dog.). Comptes Rendus Des Seances. Societe De Biologie (Paris), 101, 1133-1135.

Constantini, D. (2005). Animal personalities in a competitive game theory context.
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